The Appearance of Carriers and the Origins of Money
نویسنده
چکیده
The purpose of this essay is to analyze the circumstances where a monetary economy dominates over a redistributive barter economy in which there is not an absence of double coincidence of wants problem. For this purpose, we develop a spatial general equilibrium model where individuals must trade with intermediaries to acquire the consumption goods that they need; exchange is costly, there is no trust, and individuals act in their own interest to maximize their utilities. The model is also used to address a number of issues in monetary economics like explaining the historical emergence of commodity-money, valued fiat money, the welfareenhancing role of money, equilibria with several mediums of exchange, and split between the utility and the medium of exchange value of the good that serves as a medium of exchange. It also provides some interesting links between the monetary and urban economics literatures. Abstrakt Článek analyzuje podmínky, za nich je monetární ekonomika efektivnějí ne redistributivní ekonomika zaloená na směně zboí a potýká se s problémem oboustranné koincidence potřeb. K tomuto účelu je uito modelu celkové rovnováhy v prostoru. Jednotliví spotřebitelé musí obchodovat se zprostředkovateli, aby získali poadované spotřební zboí. Směna je nákladná, vichni jedinci sledují své vlastní zájmy (tj. maximalizují své uitkové funkce), a důvěra bez záruk neexistuje. Model je dále pouit k osvětlení mnoha problematických bodů monetární ekonomie, jako je historický vznik zboových a později papírových peněz; role peněz při zvyování společenského blahobytu; rovnováný stav, ve kterém se pouívá najednou několik platidel; a rozpor mezi uitnou (faktickou) a směnnou hodnotou zboí, které je pouíváno jako platidlo. Díky vyuití konceptu celkové rovnováhy v prostoru spojuje model zajímavým způsobem monetární a urbanistickou literaturu. JEL Classification: E00, D61, E41, N1, R11
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تاریخ انتشار 2001