The Appearance of Carriers and the Origins of Money

نویسنده

  • José Noguera
چکیده

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the circumstances where a monetary economy dominates over a redistributive barter economy in which there is not an absence of double coincidence of wants problem. For this purpose, we develop a spatial general equilibrium model where individuals must trade with intermediaries to acquire the consumption goods that they need; exchange is costly, there is no trust, and individuals act in their own interest to maximize their utilities. The model is also used to address a number of issues in monetary economics like explaining the historical emergence of commodity-money, valued fiat money, the welfareenhancing role of money, equilibria with several mediums of exchange, and split between the utility and the medium of exchange value of the good that serves as a medium of exchange. It also provides some interesting links between the monetary and urban economics literatures. Abstrakt Článek analyzuje podmínky, za nichž je monetární ekonomika efektivnější než redistributivní ekonomika založená na směně zboží a potýká se s problémem „oboustranné koincidence potřeb.“ K tomuto účelu je užito modelu celkové rovnováhy v prostoru. Jednotliví spotřebitelé musí obchodovat se zprostředkovateli, aby získali požadované spotřební zboží. Směna je nákladná, všichni jedinci sledují své vlastní zájmy (tj. maximalizují své užitkové funkce), a důvěra bez záruk neexistuje. Model je dále použit k osvětlení mnoha problematických bodů monetární ekonomie, jako je historický vznik zbožových a později papírových peněz; role peněz při zvyšování společenského blahobytu; rovnovážný stav, ve kterém se používá najednou několik platidel; a rozpor mezi užitnou (faktickou) a směnnou hodnotou zboží, které je používáno jako platidlo. Díky využití konceptu celkové rovnováhy v prostoru spojuje model zajímavým způsobem monetární a urbanistickou literaturu. JEL Classification: E00, D61, E41, N1, R11

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تاریخ انتشار 2001